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[Music]

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my name is Amit a master student at the

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Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel

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I work with Professor Doron landset and

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my talk will be about instead of this

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and how it fits in the conversation

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about the origin of life this talk is

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based upon on a paper that was published

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yesterday so if you're interested check

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it out ok so we have a few theories

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about the origin of life they mainly

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group into two schools of thought there

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is the information first that mostly

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known for the RNA world which describes

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the first replicator as a self

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propagating RNA by a polymer that's

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capable of some catalytic reactions and

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then there is the metabolism first which

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is more based on metabolic reactions and

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it specifically features our origin of

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my theories the liquid world theory that

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a lab has originated and developed in

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the past over the past 20 years and

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described the first replicator as

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catalytic micelles

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of different ante files that are capable

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of compositional reproduction and I will

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talk more about later I will just say

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for now that these two schools of

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thought both have an expensive

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experimental body of work supporting

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them but the question still remains that

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we can't really arbitrate between these

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two school of thought because we can't

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go to the environmental engineers and

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sample it and determine which theory for

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the origin of life is more than cheating

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or more truthful what we can do is look

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at other prebiotic environments

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elsewhere in the universe and determine

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from the chemistry which theory for the

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origin of life best describes how life

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could have emerged in such an

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environment so this is a subsection of

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Enceladus how we talked about it earlier

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it is a moon of Saturn it has a thick

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icy crust and a global subsurface ocean

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underneath it it is an active water body

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so there's terminal gradients that

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create

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these plumes that emanate from the ocean

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and through the ice holes in the eye

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it's an alien space where some of them

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have washed over Cassini that was sent

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to research the Saturnian system and

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Cassini has a mass spectrometer

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instrument on it and has analyzed the

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constituents of the plumes over its many

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flybys and last year the most detailed

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analysis of these constitute of these

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compounds that were found in the plumes

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was published and they have reported a

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rich organic chemistry in that ocean

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which makes it our first observation it

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detected prebiotic soup it's an active

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water body filled with organics so

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that's really exciting

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this is the data they have published so

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you can see it has two halves one is the

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high resolution low masses half and the

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other one is the low resolution higher

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masses have and if you look at the

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ninety to two-hundred you range you see

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they represent

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monomeric compounds of carbons of 7015

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carbons and in the higher masses range

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you have these big Peaks that are highly

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indicative of polymeric macromolecules

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there's big chunks of insoluble organics

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now the data couldn't offer us the exact

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empirical formula of these compounds but

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the authors did infer some of their

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chemical property and they say that it

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is the highly complex mostly unsaturated

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with high ratio of carbon to other

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hetero atoms like oxygen nitrogen and

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sulfur which means it's highly carbon

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dominated and it is mostly consisting of

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aromatic rings that are connected with

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aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons the

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office also indicated that it is highly

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similar to what we found in carbonaceous

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chondrite meteorites that have a higher

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percentage of carbon in them and also

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seem a quite similar to carriage and the

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chain remains of

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biological matter here on earth and what

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we are interested in is the monomers

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that exist in a soup because that's how

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life can began not from this hydro from

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this macro molecular polymers and so we

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propose that by analyzing what monomers

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could escape or be extracted from these

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large macromolecular structures we can

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then infer about the nature of chemistry

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on Enceladus so this is the first

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example this is medicine

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it felt astray about 40 years ago and

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our colleague professor Schmidt Kaplan

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has produced an analysis no targeted

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high resolution analysis of solve

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products that were extracted from

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Murchison through applying different

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solvents and he has produced more than

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30,000 empirical formulae of these

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products which is an immense diversity

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and a lot of them were amphiphilic they

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have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic

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tails and they tend to aggregate in for

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my sins and vesicles you can see in an

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earlier analysis how these vesicles just

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spontaneously formed from these

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extractions and in the schmidt Koplin

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analysis you can see that the major

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sample of of compounds that were

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extracted one that only have carbon

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hydrogen and oxygen atoms you can see

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that they tend to aggregated around two

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oxygen two oxygen atoms and twelve to

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thirty carbon atoms which are just

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structurally in the grave of MV felicity

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and reminiscent of what the structure of

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simple fatty acids looks like we see the

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same trends in courage interpretation so

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labs that have degraded keratin in

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hydras pearl his experiments which is

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just putting them in hot water okay they

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have produced an immense diversity of

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compounds and a lot of them are

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antigenic like alcohols and ketones and

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similarly even when they sample the

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non-biological extraction products of

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degradation of Kuragin in actual

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hydrothermal vents they have produced a

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lot of these cations and this is an

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example of the reaction pathway that

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even the No

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dispersible molecules such as alkenes

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how would a modify them and making them

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more dispersible and a lot more and

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fulfilling because they tend to bond to

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a new channel carbon which they just

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tend to make them a lot more and he

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falls in the water and so after this

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very quick overview here's what we think

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the inside of prebiotic soup looks like

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it is a rich organic water body with all

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these different dispersible molecules

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fills with the amplifiers that aggregate

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to form micelles let's float in the

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ocean and it even has two more

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solidified layers of organics one of no

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massive organics that float on the water

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and underneath the ice and one that is

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more that is solidified under the core

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weird undergoes differentiation into the

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water assisted by the thermal gradients

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that the core image and all this is

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reflected in the plumes at escape

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outside of Enceladus and so now that we

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know a bit more about the nature of the

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chemistry of Enceladus we can go back to

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our original question and try to

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determine which origin of life theory

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best describes how life could emerge

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from this environment and I hope you can

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agree with me that the lipid world is

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more advantageous in that comparison

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because we potentially have the first

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group of a few files floating in the

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water

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whereas compounds that are relevant to

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the RNA like nuclear bases and sugars

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but it is only one point of comparison

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so the lipid world here has the

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advantage but we can also compare the

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models based on their chemical

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properties and I want to present you

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with three more points of comparison

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that I hope will be persuasive

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so first the diversity in the

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environment so lipid in world is

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actually beneficial diversity of

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compounds because as long as their

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amphiphilic they can form or join

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micelles and take part in the dynamics

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that underlie lipid world model whereas

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in the RNA world this messy cam

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she is highly impedin for the formation

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of nucleotides where which is a very

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complex reaction pathway micelles can

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also form in very dilute concentrations

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especially mixed mices of different

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alpha file types where the

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polymerization of RNA it's equivalent of

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an assembly is a very complex and

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challenging pathway especially when

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considering the diversity that I've just

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talked about

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and lastly their environmental

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resilience so my cells are highly

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tolerant to extreme temperatures and bra

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and pH gradient where an RNA is

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inherently unstable and delicate so I

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support the liquid world and I will just

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in the time I have remaining I would

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like to go over just the basic concept

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concept of lipid world which is

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reputable ism micelles has information

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it's called a compositional information

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it is the relative concentrations of the

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different molecular types within an

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assembly and myosins gonna create more

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monomers to join it and by that changing

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the composition information but in some

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special cases this composition

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information can remain if the relative

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concentrations of the different

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molecular types has been preserved over

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growth periods the mices stays in a

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steady state of what we call homeostatic

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growth and if this remains over this

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fission of splits events this is the

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primitive form of what replication and

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reproduction is and it smears what

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happens in our very own cells this is

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being possible by mutual catalytic

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network that exists inside these

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assemblies and in our monte carlo

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simulations we've proved these states

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exist and that they can undergo

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selection and evolution which I think

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it's pretty critical to every origin of

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life theory and lastly maximal catalysis

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so my system lipids are hot catalytic we

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usually think as biologists as on

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proteins and RNA as being big but also

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lipids and mices are very catalytic

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they have a wide array of reactions that

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they can catalyze and

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then from basically from two parameters

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that they have first is the structural

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chemical properties which we usually

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call as the soda phase model which is

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just interaction of the hydrophobic

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interior with the aqueous medium the

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hydrophilic exterior and some reactions

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can be catalyzed that way and also just

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the highly diverse healthy that lipids

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can have it can have simple catalytic a

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groups like carboxylic acids and also

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they can have more traditional head

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groups such as amino acids and

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nucleotides and also chelating metals

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and and minerals such as four states and

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like all catalytic so my solar catalyst

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is a very well known term and while

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combining all the different aspects the

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catalysis and the reproduction I think

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we can imagine how there's different

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catalytic my cells have complexified

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over time and rapid used and assisted

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the emergence of other poly biopolymers

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like RNA important proteins and from

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there have evolved to become a more

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mature prata cell on the onset to luca

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and further life so thanks for listening

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and if you have questions I'll be happy

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to answer them

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[Applause]

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very nice talk and a question right up

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hi so it seems to me like the liquid

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world is really interesting in multiple

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ways one is as a potential form of

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living evolvable chemistry of some kind

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and the other as a stage in the origin

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and evolution of cellular life as we

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know it and it seems to me I've always

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had this question about the lipid world

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how do you get a hydrophilic interior do

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you mean how we make the jump from Isis

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to vesicles basically yes

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so vesicles form as you've seen it

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spontaneously also from the medicine

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extractions but they also are unstable

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except for specific lipids that can

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sustain it like in ourselves with the

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phosphate head roots basically so it's

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it's basically throughout the evolution

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of chemical evolution of micelles the

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link exchange they evolved to become to

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to have different metabolic reactions

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that they can sustain so over evolution

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periods that could have been a stage

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where we are creative or modified it's

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different different lipids that could

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make the jump

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there are many papers that show how you

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can jump from isel's to vesicles with

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specific reactions or the catalytic sets

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and the like I don't know if they are

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very convincing but it surely is a

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phenomenon that is real and is

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potentially has occurred so just to

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clarify yeah change the molecular

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structure of the lipids and you change

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the structure overall um thank you for

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your talk um I especially appreciate

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that the visual nature of it is great I

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had a question hopefully you can

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elaborate a little bit more on the doing

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solution problem

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I guess that ever-recurring common

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problems provide a chemistry is of

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course what to do in a dilute solution

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yeah especially one of my

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temperatures 50 that 100 degree

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centigrade as you guys were proposing

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how do you in the lipid world hypothesis

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so as I said lipids tend to aggregate

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just on their alpha felicity in nature

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it happens in very dilute concentrations

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I don't have the numbers with me here

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but you can find it in my in my Tarot

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you know anywhere else specifically mix

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my cells so if you have different types

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of my alpha empty files

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laughs don't usually do that but it

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really reduces the same see the

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concentration that is necessary to form

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these different micelles and once you

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form these different muscles then it's a

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proximity factor so everything the head

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groups really touched together and

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interact with each other even in very

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dilute concentrations of the molecules

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overall for as long as they're part of

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the head drops of liquids on the my

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soles it really helps you to catalyze a

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lot of the reactions that doesn't really

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occur in a non micellar solution so I

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think that's one of the really cool

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property is about my so my hardest of a

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Sabah so I said that they are they can

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be preserved over extreme temperatures

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and pH gradients based mostly upon their

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hydrophobic core which holds everything

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together so they are the most stable for

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example the most trouble then vesicles

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that form probiotic Li and that is why I

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think you know and mostly over RNA and

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so I think it is a our best candidate

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for the original 5 in my opinion you

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know one last question is a great time

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for how diverse and how efficient are

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the reaction that can be catalyzed by

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micelles and how does that compare to

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reactions catalyzed by RNA okay so to

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the best of my knowledge we have found

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our innate are capable of catalytic

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catalytic capacity by itself so

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we find different types of our aníbal

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problem is that each one has its own

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like can only capacity origin of its own

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but one by poem it can cannot catalyze a

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lot of reactions where as my soul's

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because of the different head people

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they can have because of the structures

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even in a very diverse solution in a

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prebiotic clutter it can come as a wide

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array of different reactions and it's a

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really known well-known term micellar

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catalysis in organic chemistry can find

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a multitude of papers that use this

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method to catalyze all these different

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reactions so it's a highly diverse

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choleric templates yeah that's a even